President of the Mine Closure Commission:
"Taking part in the mine closure commission has been a wonderful experience.
I would like to warmly thank each member for his generous and precious involvement in the commission process, from a technical but also and probably above all, from a human point of view.
It has been a real pleasure to work together during the last two years, to learn from each other and to contribute to a common work.
The friendship initiated between the members will, certainly, survive beyond the commission mandate. So will our desire to continue and consolidate our technical exchanges.
Together with others members of this commission, I sincerely hope that the present report will be helpful and of interest for the community involved in mining, postmining and connected areas".
MINE CLOSURE AND POST-MINING MANAGEMENT
INTERNATIONAL STATE-OF-THE-ART
INTERNATIONAL COMMISSION ON MINE CLOSURE
INTERNATIONAL SOCIETY FOR ROCK MECHANICS
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CONTENTS
1 INTRODUCTION AND OBJECTIVES ............................................. 9
1.1 COMMISSION CONSTITUTION ................................................................... 9
1.2 ORGANISATION OF THE COMMISSION’S WORK ....................... 10
1.3 GUIDELINES OUTLINE ....................... 10
2 BRIEF OVERVIEW OF THE INTERNATIONAL POST MINING CONTEXT ........... 13
2.1 INTERNATIONAL MINING EVOLUTION ................................ 13
2.1.1 Very old mining activities ................ 13
2.1.2 Industrial development period and present situation ............... 14
Countries whose mining industry is nowadays almost dormant................ 14
Countries whose mining industry has been affected by recent decline ................. 15
Countries that remain with a strong mining industry ..................... 19
2.2 POTENTIAL HAZARDS AND HARMFUL EFFECTS DURING POST-MINING PERIOD ... 20
2.2.1 Flooding or disturbance of rivers’ flow ................... 21
2.2.2 Surface instabilities ............................................... 21
2.2.3 Mine gas emission on surface .............................. 22
2.2.4 Ground and water pollution, emission of ionising radiation .............. 22
2.3 NATIONAL POST-MINING MANAGEMENT POLICIES ...................... 23
2.4 REFERENCES .................................................................................... 26
3 MINING METHODS ............................................................................... 29
3.1 VERY OLD MINING METHODS .......................................................... 29
3.2 ROOM-AND-PILLAR MINING ............................................................. 30
3.3 SUB-LEVEL STOPING OR BLASTHOLE STOPING .......................... 31
3.4 SHRINKAGE STOPING .......................................................... 32
3.5 CUT-AND-FILL MINING ............................. 33
3.6 LONGWALL MINING ................................. 33
3.7 SUB-LEVEL CAVING ................................ 35
3.8 BLOCK CAVING .................................................................36
3.9 REFERENCES ................................................................. 37
4 NATURE OF GEOMECHANICAL HAZARDS ..................... 39
4.1 GROUND MOVEMENTS ABOVE UNDERGROUND MINES ........... 39
4.1.1 Continuous movements ...................... 39
Subsidence or heave ................................... 39
4.1.2 Discontinuous movements ................. 44
Sinkholes..................................................... 44
Discontinuous subsidence .......................... 55
4.1.3 Induced seismicity ............................. 59
4.2 SLOPE INSTABILITIES ........................ 61
4.2.1 Rock falls ........................................... 61
4.2.2 Slides or slope movement ................. 62
4.2.3 Flow slides ........................................ 65
4.3 REFERENCES ...................................
......................... 67
5 HAZARD ASSESSMENT METHODS ........................................ 71
5.1 DEFINITIONS .............................................................................. 71
5.2 HAZARD ASSESSMENT SPECIFICALLY TO THE POST MINING CONTEXT ...... 72
5.3 SELECTION OF BEST ADAPTED HAZARD ASSESSMENT METHODS .......... 73
5.3.1 Main parameters influencing the selection ..................... 73
5.3.2 Hazard assessment methods adapted to non-sensitive cases ............. 76
5.3.3 Hazard assessment methods adapted to semi-sensitive cases ............. 76
5.3.4 Hazard assessment methods adapted to sensitive cases ......... 78
5.4 PRINCIPAL STAGES OF A HAZARD ASSESSMENT PROCESS ........... 79
5.4.1 Desk Study .................................................................... 79
5.4.2 Field Study ....................................................... 81
5.4.3 Complementary field investigation stage ......................................... 81
5.4.4 Main applications of geophysical methods ..................................................... 82
5.5 MAJOR FACTORS INFLUENCING HAZARD PREDISPOSITION ................. 85
5.5.1 Influence of time .............................................................85
5.5.2 Influence of water .......................................................... 86
5.5.3 Influence of geology and mining methods ..................... 88
Geology................................................................................... 88
Mining Methods ...................................................................... 91
5.6 HAZARD MAPPING ......................................................... 94
5.7 REFERENCES ................................................................ 95
6 HAZARD MANAGEMENT METHODS ............................... 97
6.1 TREATMENT ................................................................... 97
6.1.1 Backfilling ..................................................................... 97
6.1.2 Geosynthetics ............................................................. 101
Reinforced Concrete Slabs .................................................. 104
Shaft filling stabilisation ........................................................ 106
6.2 LAND USE MANAGEMENT ........................................... 108
6.2.1 Preventive regulation and mapping ............................. 108
6.2.2 Damage Compensation and Preventive Evacuation ....110
6.3 MONITORING ................................................................ 111
6.3.1 Ground Movements Monitoring ................................... 111
Indirect Techniques .............................................................. 116
6.3.2 Monitoring mine-induced seismicity to identify potential instability sources ..... 118
6.3.3 Monitoring of abandoned mines located in areas sensitive to earthquakes ..... 119
6.3.4 Time Domain Reflectometry Monitoring for Abandoned Mines......................... 120
6.3.5 Monitoring techniques under scientific and experimental development .......... 123
6.4 DATABASE MANAGEMENT ................................................... 124
6.4.1 Importance of data management ......................................... 124
6.4.2 Example of abandoned coal mines database using GIS in Korea ....... 125
6.5 REFERENCES ................................................................. 129
7 RECOMMENDED ADDITIONAL READING ................. 133
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